Protect IP act and SOPA

PROTECT IP Act, or (Preventing Real Online Threats to Economic Creativity and Theft of Intellectual Property Act of 2011) was introduced on May 12, 2011 by Senator Patrick Leathy to give the government and copyright holders additional tools to curb access to "rogue websites dedicated to infringing or counterfeit goods".

Here you can find all the information about this bill, and why it should be stopped.

http://americancensorship.org/

This bill will not be able to stop piracy, but will only give to government  bigger censorship powers.

For instance a website that got blocked, will be reached anyway just using the IP addres of the site. The website won't be reached by search engines, but this won't stop the activity of the site, because it could be found using different methods. Quoting Eric Schmidt, it's just an attempt to use easy solution to complex problems.

This bill will however allow the government to remove access to a certain domain, and all the hyperlinks related to it. All the social networks and search engines will therefore censor their users, because they could get closed if any of the user would post any copyright-breaking material.

Nevertheless this bill could be seen an example by other countries, that could start to apply censorship in a similar way. If all the countries in the world would apply those laws, the web would be different for every nation. The biggest form of communication of the 21th century would therefore die.

The atomic structure [5]: Heisenberg uncertainty principle

Bohr and Sommerfeld atomic models couldn't be considered exhaustive, because were based on classical mechanics, and introduced postulates, without explaining them. Experimental results weren't properly interpreted as well, and in cases different from Hydrogen, energy levels were completely different from the one proposed by those models.


The problem that was being posed now was if it could be possible to elaborate models that required the existence of precise orbits. To calculate the path of a certain dot, it necessary to know its position and speed at a certain moment.


In response to this problem Heisenberg proposed the uncertainty principle, according to which is not possible to measure accurately and contemporaneously the position and the speed of a certain particle

It means that lower is the radiation's intensity used to observed the particle, grater is the accuracy of the measurement, because the particle's path is going to be effected in a minor way. However to observe the path of an electron, a radiation of wavelength comparable to its dimension is required.  This implies a very small wavelength, that is related to high energy, and therefore great change in particle's speed, that  is several cases, will be sufficient to ionize the atom.

The atomic structure [4]: Wave-particle duality

In 1922 Compton began to study electromagnetic waves, with special interest on the interaction between X rays and a graphite target. He observed that a radiation was emitted, and its wavelength was higher than the incident one. This phenomena couldn't be explained by classical theories. They expected that the emitted radiation was characterized by the same frequency of the incident one, because it was supposed to make graphite particle oscillate with its frequency.

 Compton proposed that this phenomena could be explained as an interaction between particles: photons and electrons. Photons, interacting with graphite, are going to hit electrons, shifting part of they energy. The electron is therefore going to be emitted with a lower kinetic energy than the photon. It means that also the frequency will be lower, thus the wavelength will be higher, explaining the Compton scattering.


This new discovery, together with photoelectric effect, showed that light behaved ad a particle. De Broglie, was firmly convinced about unity in nature: if waves behaved like matter, also matter had to behave like waves. In 1924 he proposed that the motion of particles was related to the propagation of a certain wave, according to his hypothesis:

This was experimentally proved in 1927 by Davidson and Germer. For instance if an electromagnetic wave is forced to pass through a hole with radius comparable to it's wavelenght, it will create diffraction. The same behavior is observed if electrons are forced to pass through a hole of radius comparable to their de broglie-wavelength, confirming wave particle duality of light and matter.